{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":317,"title":"Hijab Row","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Hijab Row<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Supreme Court passes split verdict in appeals challenging restriction on Muslim girls&rsquo; students wearing Hijab in educational institution in Karnataka.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Background:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Previously, High Court has indicated that it would pass an interim order that none of the students should wear anything which would disclose their religious identity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Such an order would have wide ramifications not only for Muslims but also for people following other faiths.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For Example, Sikh&rsquo;s wear turbans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Such an order would amount to a complete suspension of <strong>Article 25<\/strong> (Right to religious freedom).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Government Order<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The government of Karnataka passed an order exercising its powers under <strong>Section 133(2) of the Karnataka Education Act, 1983.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The provision confer power to the government of state to issue directives for government educational institutions to follow.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under the provision, in 2013, Karnataka has issued a directive making uniforms compulsory for education institutions.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Referring to 2013 directives specifies that a headscarf is not part of the uniform.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It states that earing a headscarf is not an essential religious practice for Muslims that can be protected under the constitution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The order takes refuge in three cases decided by different High Courts to hold that banning the headscarf is not violative of fundamental rights, particularly freedom of religion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Supreme Court observations and Judgement:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Justice Hemant Gupta dismissed the 26 appeals filed against the judgment of the Karnataka High Court which held that hijab was not an essential practice of Islam and allowed the ban on wearing headscarf in educational institutions in the State.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia set aside the Karnataka High Court judgments and held that the entire concept of essential religious practice was not essential to the dispute.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Justice Dhulia stated:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>&ldquo;Foremost question is the education of the girl child, Are we making her life better?&rdquo;<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>&ldquo;Due to this question, I am quashing government order&rdquo;<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>&ldquo;The main thrust of my judgment is that this entire concept of essential religious practices, in my opinon, was not essential to the disposal of the dispute. And the Court probably took a wrong path there. It was simply a question of Article 19(1)(a) and 25(1). It is ultimately a matter of choice.&rdquo; <\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>&ldquo;Nothing more, nothing less. I have also held the ratio laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Bijoe Emmanuel squarely covers the issue.&rdquo; <\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>&ldquo;The thing which was uppermost in mind was the education of girl child. It is a common knowledge that a girl child primarily in rural and semi-rural areas has a lot of difficulties, they have to do daily chores before she goes to school.&rdquo;<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Justice Gupta answered all the questions against the appeals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>What lies ahead?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In light of the divergence of opinion, the matter has to be placed before the Chief Justice of India for appropriate directions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Previous Three Cases:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Kerala High Court in <em>Fathima Thasneem v State of Kerala, <\/em>2018:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Writ petition filed by father of two minor girls aged 12 and 8. `Petitioner challenged the school&rsquo;s denial of permission to wear full-sleeved skirts and a headscarf as it was against the prescribed dress code.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kerala HC ruled in favour of the school, which was Christian missionary school, a minority education institution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HC held &ldquo;collective rights&rdquo; of the school must be given primacy over individual rights of the students.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>In context of present case in Karnataka HC, this case cannot be valid precedent as it refers to a minority education institution not government education institution as in present case.<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Constitutionally, minority educational institutions have greater freedom to regulate their affairs. <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bombay High Court in <em>Fathema Hussain Sayed v Bharat Education<\/em>, 2003:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A minor student had challenged the school&rsquo;s prescribed dress code that did not allow the wearing of a headscarf.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bombay HC ruled against her, despite the argument that wearing head scarf is essential religious practice which must be protected under the Indian constitution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HC referred relevant verses of the Quran and held it does not prescribe wearing headscarf before other women.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court also held that, a girl not wearing headscarf or head covering studying in exclusive girl section cannot be said to in any manner acting inconsistent with any injunction provided in Holy Quran.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In context of Karnataka Case, the petitioners<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>In the Karnataka case, the state government had cited this Bombay HC case to buttress the point that courts have refrained from interfering with prescribed dress codes for educational institutions. <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>The current case supports the cause of the petitioners and not the state. <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Since the decision is in \"the context of Muslim girls studying in an exclusively girls sections\", the counsel for the petitioners argued that as a corollary, headscarves must be allowed in a co-education establishment.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Madras High Court, 2004: Sir M Venkata Subba Rao, Matriculation Higher Secondary School Staff Assn v Sir M Venkata Subba Rao, Matriculation Higher Secondary School was a case challenging the dress code imposed by the management of a school on teachers. Although the Madras High Court held that the imposition of the dress code had no statutory backing, it refused to interfere on the grounds that the teachers \"should set high standards of discipline and should be a role model for the students\".<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>This ruling has no discussion on either wearing hijab or rights under Article 25 of the Constitution which guarantees religious freedom.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>What are the other grounds on which the Karnataka government order has been challenged?<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>The petitioners have argued that wearing a hijab is an expression protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression. Constitutionally, a right under Article 19(1)(a) can only be limited on the \"reasonable restrictions\" mentioned in Article 19(2). This includes sovereignty and integrity of India, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency, or morality or in relation to contempt of courts, defamation or incitement to an offence.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>The petitioners have argued that a student silently wearing a hijab\/headscarf and attending class cannot in any manner be said to be a practice that disturbs \"public order\" and is only a profession of their faith.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>The petitioners have also argued that the ban on headscarves violates the fundamental right to equality since other religious markers, such as a turban worn by a Sikh, are not explicitly prohibited. Senior advocate Sanjay Hedge, appearing for the petitioners, also argued that the rules prescribed wearing of a dupatta for women and the state cannot dictate the manner of wearing that dupatta if a student wishes to cover her head with it.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 100%; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 99.4554%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Facts<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #a6fff6;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 99.4554%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Constitutional Provisions for the Right to Freedom of Religion.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 14.4316%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 25<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 29.8162%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, practice, and propagation of religion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 55.2076%; text-align: justify;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This article not absolute. State can take appropriate measures when it comes to public order, health, and morality.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">State has authority to regulate any political, financial, economic as well as secular affairs related to any religions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">State can take measure regarding welfare and social reforms associated with religious practices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For Example: State can take measures to open Hindu Religious places for all sections of the Hindu Society.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recent interventions of state in matters like triple talaq and Sabrimala temple entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.4316%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 26<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 29.8162%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Freedom to manage religious affairs<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 55.2076%; text-align: justify;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Right to form and maintain religious and charitable institutions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Right to manage their own religious affairs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Right to acquire property of both immovable and movable kind.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Right to administer these properties subjected to the provision of law.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 14.4316%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 27<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 29.8162%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Freedom to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 55.2076%; text-align: justify;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">People are free to give taxes for the religious promotion of any religion they want.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">State cannot force people to pay taxes for the promotion and maintenance of any religion or religious institution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 14.4316%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 28<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 29.8162%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Freedom to attend religious instructions or religious worship in certain educational institutions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 55.2076%; text-align: justify;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Institutions (administered and run by particular religious group) have rights to give religious instructions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If educational institutions receiving the state funding are not permitted to practice religious instructions.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Institution (Run by state and established as an endowment or trust which required religious instructions to be given there) exempted from above restrictions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Person from the state-run institution or the one which is funded by the state&rsquo;s aid, cannot be compelled to join religious instructions or worship etc. without her\/her consent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: The Indian Express\/The Hindu\/Livelaw<\/strong><\/span><\/p>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 1","subjects":"Governance,Polity","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-10-14","created_at":"2022-10-15T08:10:06.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:09:11.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"hijab-row"},{"id":228,"title":"Digital Rape: A Broad Concept","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Digital Rape: A Broad Concept<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the News?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A <strong>65-year-old<\/strong> man from West Bengal was given a life sentence by the <strong>Surajpur District and Sessions Court<\/strong> for the digital rape of a three-and-a-half-year-old girl in Uttar Pradesh.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Facts of the case<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The man was charged under the <strong>POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offence)<\/strong> <strong>Act<\/strong>, <strong>2012<\/strong> and <strong>Section 375<\/strong> and <strong>Section 376 <\/strong>of the<strong> Indian Penal Code (IPC).<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In addition to life imprisonment, he was also punished with a fine of&nbsp;Rs. 50,000.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>What is digital rape?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 375<\/strong>- A man is said to commit <strong>rape<\/strong> if he<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">penetrates his penis to any extent or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">inserts any object to any extent or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">manipulates a woman&rsquo;s body part so as to cause penetration or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">applies his mouth<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or makes her do so with him or any other person under the following circumstances-<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Against her will<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Without her consent<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With her consent which has been obtained by putting her or any other person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When she is unable to communicate consent.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cybercrime or sexual offences done over screens have nothing to do with digital rape. On the contrary, it relates to non-consensual penetration of fingers or toes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In English, &lsquo;<strong>digit<\/strong>&rsquo; refers to the toe, finger, and thumb. Therefore, inserting it against someone's will is considered <strong>&lsquo;digital rape.&rsquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The phrase &lsquo;digital rape&rsquo; is relatively new. Previously, these acts were classified as molestation rather than rape. In order to bring justice to the victims of the heinous act, the term was introduced in <strong>2013<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, following the tragic incident involving <strong>Nirbhaya in 2012<\/strong>, new rape laws were introduced in Parliament, and the act was classified as a sexual offence under <strong>Sections 375<\/strong> and <strong>376<\/strong> of<strong> IPC<\/strong> as well as the <strong>POCSO Act<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The POCSO Act stipulates that the offender must serve at least five years in prison. However, this punishment can be increased to ten years or even life imprisonment if a person is charged under <strong>Section 376.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Instances and Reasons for Introduction of &lsquo;Digital Rape&rsquo; in Indian Laws<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In another incident, an auto driver in Delhi sexually assaulted a 60-year-old woman inside his car by penetrating her with an iron rod. Even though the offender was detained, he was not found guilty in accordance with Sections 375 and 376 of the IPC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The same thing happened in 2012 when a 2-year-old girl from Mumbai was carried to the hospital bleeding. Despite the fact that there was no evidence of rape or sexual assault, the doctors discovered that the girl's vagina was burst.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It was eventually discovered that her father had been piercing&nbsp;the girl with his fingers. However,&nbsp;despite being arrested, the father was not put on trial or punished in accordance with Section 376 of the IPC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Due to multiple shortcomings in the definition of rape, sexual offences, and the laws governing them, the government previously found it challenging to treat these cases under the rape laws of India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme Court had to alter its definition of rape in light of the fact that there are other ways for a man to violate the dignity of a woman or child. The definition of rape was expanded in 2013 while keeping in mind all the preceding cases and horrifying criminal acts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This new definition defines rape as the act of forcing a penis, a foreign object, or any other part of the body into a woman's mouth, anus, or urethra.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Lawmakers divide rape victims into two groups:<\/strong> majors and minors. Minor digital rapists are tried both under <strong>Sections 375<\/strong> and <strong>376 <\/strong>and the POCSO Act, whereas major digital rapists are arrested and tried in accordance with <strong>Sections 375<\/strong> and<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Data and analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to several media reports, <strong>70 per cent<\/strong> of the time, those who have violated a child's dignity are people they personally knew and were close to.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Only <strong>1 per cent<\/strong> of cases involved strangers as the offender, while <strong>the rest <\/strong>involved people they knew through social circles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Important Acts and Sections<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, <\/strong>was passed in response to the <strong>Nirbhaya case<\/strong>, in which a female student was gang-raped in <strong>December 2012.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Act amended numerous provisions of the <strong>Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act, <\/strong>and the<strong> Criminal Procedure Code. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As a result of this amendment, a number of new crimes have been recognised and added to the Indian Penal Code, such as <strong>acid attacks<\/strong> (Sections 326 A and B), <strong>voyeurism <\/strong>(Section 354C), <strong>stalking<\/strong> (Section 354D), <strong>attempts to undress women<\/strong> (Section 354B), <strong>sexual harassment<\/strong> (Section 354A), and <strong>sexual assault<\/strong> that results in death or injury that leaves a victim in <strong>a persistent vegetative state<\/strong> (Section 376A).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Act also strengthened the penalties for the existing offences. Notably, <strong>Section 375's<\/strong> definition of rape was expanded to encompass acts in addition to penetration. Furthermore, <strong>Section 370<\/strong> and <strong>Section 370A<\/strong> substituted the old <strong>Section 370.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO) <\/strong>is enacted with the main objective of protecting children from various kinds of sexual abuses and offences.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Section 7 (POCSO)- Sexual Assault- <\/strong>Whoever, with sexual intent touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of the child or makes the child touch the vagina, penis, anus or breast of such person or any other person, or does any other act with sexual intent which involves physical contact without penetration is said to commit sexual assault.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Section 11 (POCSO) - Sexual harassment- <\/strong>A person is said to commit sexual harassment upon a child when such person with sexual intent, -<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">utters any word or makes any sound, or makes any gesture or exhibits any object or part of the body with the intention that such word or sound shall be heard, or such gesture or object or part of the body shall be seen by the child; or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">makes a child exhibit his body or any part of his body so as it is seen by such person or any other person; or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">shows any object to a child in any form or media for pornographic purposes; or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">repeatedly or constantly follows or watches or contacts a child either directly or through electronic, digital or any other means; or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">threatens to use, in any form of media, a real or fabricated depiction through electronic, film or digital or any other mode, of any part of the body of the child or the involvement of the child in a sexual act; or<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">entices a child for pornographic purposes or gives gratification, therefore.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any question which involves \"sexual intent\" shall be a question of fact.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>&nbsp;Source:<\/strong> <strong>Outlook<\/strong> <strong>India<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>","metaKeys":"digital rape, nirbhaya case, indian penal code, sexual assault, noida crime,POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offence),Act, 2012 and Section 375 and Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Important news for law optional UPSC CSE - BE N BY IAS","metaDescription":"The internet was recently stunned with the news of an 81-year-old artist cum teacher committing \u2018digital rape\u2019 on a 17-year-old girl for seven years. The man, identified as Maurice Ryder, has been accused of being involved in various indecent acts with the victim. After taking in the minor\u2019s complaint, the Noida police have registered a case under the section 376 of IPC for rape, section 323 for causing hurt voluntarily and 506 for criminal intimidation. As per the details shared by the victim, the accused used to beat her for opposing his brutal act. Such inhuman incidents make it even more important to increase awareness about \u2018digital rape\u2019 and the punishment associated with it - Important news for law optional UPSC CSE - BE N BY IAS","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"Digital Rape: A Broad Concept - Important news for law optional UPSC CSE - BE N BY IAS","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-09-12","created_at":"2022-09-12T13:13:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:57.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"digital-rape-a-broad-concept"},{"id":221,"title":"Constitution Bench to Hear Delhi Government\u2019s Plea Seeking Control over Officials","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Constitution Bench to Hear Delhi Government&rsquo;s Plea Seeking Control over Officials<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C.J.I. C.V. Ramana has listed the plea of the Delhi government seeking control over officials before a Constitution Bench Led by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Background:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The legal tussle between the Centre and Delhi government dates back to the 2018 case where a constitution bench had unanimously held that &ldquo;<em>the Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi was bound by the &ldquo;aid and advice&rdquo; of the elected Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government and both had to work with each other.&rdquo;<\/em> It negated the presence of <strong>anarchy<\/strong> in <strong>democracy<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Chronology of Judgments:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The 2018 judgment established that the powers of the Delhi government and the Centre were collective and coextensive. However, it had not specifically dealt with the issue of &lsquo;services.&rsquo;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Delhi Government argued that the situation was such that a &ldquo;democratic representative government&rdquo; had to get the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor to appoint a Health Secretary or Commerce Secretary. They went on to compare themselves to a king without a kingdom. Senior Advocate A.M. Singhvi on behalf of the Delhi Government questioned that &ldquo;<em>What collective responsibility will the Delhi government have without the power to control the transfers and postings of Officers?&rdquo;<\/em> He contended that this was the erosion of <strong>Federalism<\/strong> which is a part of the <strong>basic structure of our constitution<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In defence of the Centre Solicitor-General, Tushar Mehta requested the court to refer the issue to a Constitution Bench. He argued that &ldquo;<em>Delhi should be under the Centre&rsquo;s control and could not be left to the &lsquo;small mercies and smaller resources of a State legislature.<\/em>&rdquo;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Later, on <strong>February 14<sup>th<\/sup> 2019<\/strong>, a Supreme Court Bench consisting of <strong>Justices A.K. Sikri and Ashok Bhushan<\/strong> provided a split opinion on the issue of control over &lsquo;<strong>services<\/strong>&rsquo; in Delhi.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Current Position:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In <strong>May 2022<\/strong>, a three-judge Bench led by CJI Ramana referred the limited question concerning &lsquo;<strong>services<\/strong>&rsquo; or bureaucracy to a Constitution Bench for an authoritative pronouncement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: The Hindu<\/strong><\/span><\/p>","metaKeys":"delhi,control of services,control of services news,government news,national news ,government,delhi government,News about Delhi govt,news,court news,supreme court news,justice,law optional news, upsc cse news, BE N BY IAS","metaDescription":"The legal tussle between the Centre and Delhi government dates back to the 2018 case where a constitution bench had unanimously held that \u201cthe Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi was bound by the \u201caid and advice\u201d of the elected Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government and both had to work with each other.\u201d It negated the presence of anarchy in democracy. delhi,control of services,control of services news,government news,national news ,government,delhi government,News about Delhi govt,news,court news,supreme court news,justice,law optional news, upsc cse news, BE N BY IAS","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"Constitution Bench to Hear Delhi Government\u2019s Plea Seeking Control over Officials, important news for upsc cse law optional, polity - BE N BY IAS","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Polity,Governance,law optional","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-08-26","created_at":"2022-08-26T09:28:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:55.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"constitution-bench-to-hear-delhi-governments-plea-seeking-control-over-officials"},{"id":215,"title":"SC Upholds Powers of Enforcement Directorate (ED) Under PMLA","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>SC Upholds Powers of Enforcement Directorate (ED) Under PMLA<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the News?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recently Supreme Court of India described the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002 as a measure against the <strong><em>\"punishment of money laundering\" <\/em><\/strong>and ask for review of various amendments to the act by higher bench.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">More than 240 petitions were submitted in opposition to the modifications, which the petitioners argued violated:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>constitution's mission,<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Legal process<\/strong>, and<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Individual liberties. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><em><a href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/legal-current-updates---16-july-2022\/205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Money laundering<\/a><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> is important topic for UPSC CSE 2023. It was <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><em><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/important-headlines-18-april-2022-for-upsc-cse\/65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in news<\/a><\/em><\/span> last and this year due to several arrest by ED due to which it become important for UPSC CSE aspirants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Petitioner&rsquo;s Arguments<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>Enforcement Directorate (ED)<\/strong> was given <strong>civil court authority<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The process, limited people's freedom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The petitioners had opposed that the <strong>ED might detain someone even if they were not aware of the charges against them.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Violation of Fundamental Rights sighted in the case:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The right to <strong>\"due process\"<\/strong> guaranteed by <strong>Article 21<\/strong> of the Constitution was violated by ED&rsquo;s power.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 22<\/strong> required that no one be arrested without first telling them of the reason for the arrest.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The accused had no chance of being released due to the <strong>\"dual requirements\" of bail under the PMLA.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Dual Requirement of Bail<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reasonable reasons for thinking that person is not guilty of such offence<\/strong> and<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The defendant <strong>is not likely to commit any offence while on bail.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Bench Counter Observations and Ruling to the argument<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Untold Arrest and Detentions:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme court bench disproved the claim that the <strong>ED has been given general authority to make arrests, search people and property, and seize things. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court ruled that it was against <strong>the accused's constitutional rights<\/strong> to withhold the <strong>Enforcement Case Investigation Report (ECIR) or not provide him with a copy of it.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ECIR cannot be compared with FIR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ECIR's status as a \"internal, departmental document\" was justified by the court.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As per the bench as long as the person has been notified of the grounds of his detention, it is <strong>adequate compliance with the mandate of Article 22(1) of the Constitution.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bail Observations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Court sighted that even anticipatory bail request <\/strong>would have to go through the <strong>rigorous PMLA twin conditions.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Anticipatory bail: <\/strong>Issued prior to arrest, also known as pre-arrest bail.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court rule that <strong>undertrial defendants<\/strong> (person under investigation) who had <strong>already served one-half of the sentence for the offence<\/strong> might apply for bail under <strong>Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, this is not a <strong>\"absolute right\"<\/strong> and would vary from circumstance to circumstance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Burden of Proof:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The provision did not suffer from the <strong>\"fault of randomness or unreasonableness\" <\/strong>with regard to the issue of the <strong>burden of proof falling largely on the shoulders of the accused<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Court held that the <strong>burden must shift to the person in question to dispel the suspicion<\/strong> once the materials supporting the fact of severe suspicion regarding their involvement in a crime under the 2002 Act is accepted in law.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>Section 5 of the PMLA<\/strong>, according to the court, offered a \"balanced solution\" between the interests of the State and the accused.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Clearing attached property:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No further action could be taken against the attached property in the event that the accused was ultimately cleared of the crime.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Bench Observations on the Case<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), grants the <strong>government<\/strong> and the <strong>Enforcement Directorate (ED)<\/strong> virtually unrestricted powers of:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Summons,<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Arrest,<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Raids,<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Makes bail virtually impossible, and<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shifts the <strong>burden of proof of innocence<\/strong> from the prosecution (Individual or Institution pressing charges) to the accused.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The law is against the <strong><em>\"punishment of money laundering\"<\/em><\/strong> and not a tool used to smear dissenters and rival politicians.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This legislation is<strong> sui generis<\/strong> (unique).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Parliament passed the Act due to international commitment to firmly deal with:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The menace of money laundering of proceeds of crime having multinational consequences and on the financial systems of the countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The court also stated that: <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Money laundering is an offence against the sovereignty and integrity of the country.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The term <strong>\"money laundering\"<\/strong> was defined broadly to include <strong>\"any process and activity,\"<\/strong> whether <strong>direct or indirect, involving in the crime to carry on<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Money laundering is one of the most important social issue topic for UPSC CSE aspirants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Supreme Court Ruling in the Case<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>bench questioned<\/strong> the process in the <strong>changes<\/strong> <strong>made to the 2002 Act through Finance Acts. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The three-judge bench stated that a larger bench of the supreme court would separately review the process of <strong>introducing the amendments through money bills.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court <strong>overruled challenges to the ED's authority to seize property as the proceeds of crime.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court ruled that the <strong>agency cannot employ Section 5 of the PMLA<\/strong> \"mechanically,\" which <strong>deals with the provisional attachment of property.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Authorities under the 2002 Act cannot resort to action against any person for money-laundering on the assumption<\/strong> that the property recovered by them must be profit of crime. and that a<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Authority cannot assume<\/strong> scheduled offence has been committed, unless the same is registered with <strong>the jurisdictional police or pending inquiry by way of complaint before the competent authority.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>About Money Laundering:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Making large amounts of money by direct or indirect criminal activity such as:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Terrorist Funding<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Drug Trafficking<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Human Trafficking etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Arms sales<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Smuggling<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prostitution<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Insider trading<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fraud Computer schemes etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The money generated is called <strong>'dirty money'<\/strong> and money laundering is the process of conversion of <strong>'dirty money', <\/strong>to make it appear as <strong>'legitimate' money.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>About Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Act enacted in year 2002, and rules framed under the act came into force in 2005.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Objective:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Combat Money Laundering.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Impound and seize the property obtained from money laundering.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>To deal with the other issue related to money laundering within India.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Punishment under Section 4 of the Act.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Defined Money Laundering:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As per <strong>section 3 of the act:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Whosoever directly or indirectly attempts to indulge or knowingly assists or knowingly is a party or is actually involved in any process or activity connected with the proceeds of crime and projecting it as not corrupted property shall be guilty of offence of money-laundering.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Obligations:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prescribe <strong>for banking\/financial institutions and intermediaries<\/strong> for verifications and maintenance of records of clients identity and transactions.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For furnishing information of such transactions in a prescribed form to the <strong>Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND).<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Enforcement Officers and Authority:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It enables officers of <strong>enforcement directorate<\/strong> to <strong>carry out investigations and attach the property involved in case of money laundering.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It permits director of Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) impose fine on banking\/financial institutions and intermediaries if they fail to comply.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In order to exercise Jurisdiction, power and authority conferred under this law, an Adjudicating authority should be set up.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Appellate Tribunal<\/strong> should be set up to hear <strong>appeals against the order of the Adjudicating Authority and<\/strong> the authorities like <strong>Director FIU-IND.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Special Courts:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It envisages designation of one or more <strong>courts of sessions as Special Court or Special Courts<\/strong> to try the offences punishable under PMLA and offences with which the accused may, under the <strong>Code of Criminal Procedure 1973,<\/strong> be charged at the <strong>same trial.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>International Agreements:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It <strong>empower central government to come into agreement with any foreign nation government<\/strong> to:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Enforce the provisions of this act.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Exchange information about offences related to money laundering in the respective country.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Investigation of cases under this act.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Enforcement Directorate<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Background:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Formed in 1956.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Initially known as Enforcement Unit.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>It was formed, in the Department of Economic Affairs, for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Current Status:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Under department of Revenue, Union Finance Ministry.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Law enforcement agency as well as economic intelligence agency.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prime objective is to fight economic crime in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>It enforces:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 (PMLA)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>About Money Bill<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>It is different from Financial Bill i.e., (Article 117)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Certified by the speaker of the Lok Sabha.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>As per article 110<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Money bills are concerned with financial matters like taxation, public expenditure, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The regulation of the Union government's borrowing of funds.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the contingency fund of India, the payment of money into or the withdrawal of money from any such fund.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The payment of money into or withdrawal of money from any such fund.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Appropriation of funds from the <strong>India Consolidated Fund. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any expenditure charged to the Consolidated Fund of India, or any increase in the amount of any such expenditure, must be declared.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The receipt of funds on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India, or the custody or issuance of such funds, or the auditing of the accounts of the Union or of a state, are governed by this act.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any matter incidental to any of the aforementioned matters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bill is not money bill when it has a provision of:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Imposition of <strong>fines or other financial penalties.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Demand or payment of fees for licenses or fees<\/strong> for services rendered.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by <strong>any local authority or body for local purposes.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Financial Bill &ndash; I<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>As per Articles 117 (1) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bill that contains matters not only related to Article 110 (Money Bill) but also other matters of finances.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cases when similar to Money Bill:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>It is introduced only in Lok Sabha similar to Money Bill<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>It is introduced only on the recommendation of President<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cases when not similar to Money Bill:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Rajya Sabha can be either rejected or amend the bill. As in the case with money bill it is not.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Provision of joint sitting summoned by President in case of deadlock is present.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>President can give his assent, withhold the bill or can even return the bill for reconsideration.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Financial Bill &ndash; II<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>As per Articles 117 (3) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It solely deals with provisions involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India and does not include any matter of money bill (Article 110.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Treated as Ordinary bill (Not in case of Financial Bill &ndash; I)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Both house of parliament can either reject or amend the bill.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>In case of deadlock provision of Joint Sitting.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>President can give his assent, withhold the bill or can even return the bill for reconsideration<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>How money bill becomes the way to bypass the ordinary legislations scrutiny?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ordinary legislation <strong>need to be approved by both the houses<\/strong>, if the incumbent government does not have majority in the upper house, the <strong>smooth passage of bill become hurdle.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Money bill give upper hand to Lok Sabha over Rajya Sabha,<\/strong> as it lower house do not have power to reject or amend the bill.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final say over whether or not a bill is a Money Bill<\/strong> and speaker use to be the member of ruling party as per the convention.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>Speaker certifies a Bill as a Money Bill<\/strong>, and his determination is conclusive.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Since the Constitution states that <strong>judicial review of parliamentary proceedings is not allowed,<\/strong> it appears that a House-passed bill cannot be challenged on the grounds that it was not a Money Bill.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Parliamentarians cannot contest the Speaker's classification of a money bill<\/strong>, nor can they compel him\/her to explain reasoning due to <strong>Party whip and Anti-defection law.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: The Hindu<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>UPSC CSE aspirants may read about more UPSC GS2 current affairs topics here<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/section-124a--deciphering-the-law-of-sedition-in-india\/183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Sedition Law in In<\/strong><\/a><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/section-124a--deciphering-the-law-of-sedition-in-india\/183\"><strong>dia<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/delhi-reports-first-monkeypox-case\/210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>MonkeyPox<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/petition-in-sc-seeks-stringent-population-control-law\/186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Population Control<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/the-electoral-law-amendment-bill-2021\/98\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Electoral law reform<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/economical-weaker-section-ews-quota-revisited-by-the-government\/86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>EWS Quota revised<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/joint-disaster-relief-plans-bimstec\/85\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Joint Disaster Relief Plans: BIMSTEC<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/delimitation-draft-on-jammu-and-kashmir\/84\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>J&amp;K Delimitation<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"301\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"..\/..\/..\/article\/do-we-need-to-raise-girls-marriage-age\/54\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Child Marriage Act<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","metaKeys":"supreme court, supreme court money laundering ruling, sc, pmla, prevention of money laundering act, supreme court news, money laundering news, sc pmla ruling, upsc question explained","metaDescription":"PMLA Act 2002 is a criminal law enacted to prevent money laundering and provide for confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering and related matters.","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"supreme court of india Upholds Powers of Enforcement Directorate. SC Upholds Powers of Enforcement Directorate (ED) Under PMLA","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance,Social Issue","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-07-29","created_at":"2022-07-29T10:00:05.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:54.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"sc-upholds-powers-of-enforcement-directorate-ed-under-pmla"},{"id":186,"title":"Petition in SC seeks stringent population control law","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 18px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px; background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center; height: 18px;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Petition in SC seeks stringent population control law<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A Mathura resident has asked the Supreme Court to direct the government to &ldquo;ascertain the feasibility&rdquo; of enacting a &ldquo;stringent population control law.&rdquo;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Petitioner&rsquo;s Arguments<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The petitioner, stated that such a law would secure the fundamental rights of citizens, including the &ldquo;right to peaceful sleep&rdquo; along with &ldquo;clean&rdquo; air, water, food, health and shelter.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The injury caused by population explosion for women especially was &ldquo;extremely large&rdquo;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Impact on women:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The impact that repeated child-bearing has on women are seldom highlighted outside niche areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Incidents of grand multiparity, which is defined as more than four viable births, in developing countries like India is 20% while it is only 2% in developed countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In December 2020, in a similar petition filed, the government had clarified that it was against coercing couples into having a &ldquo;certain number of children&rdquo; in a bid to curb population explosion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In fact, the government said the period between 2001-2011 had witnessed the sharpest decline in decadal growth rate among Indians in 100 years.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Stand of the Government<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the Family Welfare Programme in India is voluntary in nature, which enables couples to decide the size of their family and adopt the family planning methods best suited to them, according to their choice, without any compulsion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It further added that India was a signatory to the Programme Of Action (POA) of the International Conference on Population and Development, 1994, which was unequivocally against coercion in family planning.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Family Planning in India<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">First National Programme for Family Planning launched in 1952.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Primary Objective:<\/strong> Low Fertility Rates &amp; Slow Population growth to push economic growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The programme was tied to first five-year plan of the union government.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It further underwent many changes to not only achieve population stabilization as a goal but also promotes reproductive health and reduce maternal, infant &amp; child mortality and morbidity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During 1970s union government executed a coercive sterilization programme which led to people having an aversion to sterilization.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">By 1996, the family planning programme had successfully averted an estimated 16.8 crore births.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Currently there are many strategies and activities are running parallelly in India towards family welfare goals and objectives, such as:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">National Population Policy 2000,<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">National Health Policy 2017,<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">National Rural Health Mission etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Factors affecting population growth:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Unmet need of family planning:<\/strong> Includes current married women, who wish to stop child bearing or wait for next two or more years for the next child birth but do not use contraceptive methods. <strong>As per latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) phase-1:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Meghalaya topped the list of unmet needs, at 21.9 per cent in urban and 28.2 per cent in rural areas. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Andhra Pradesh occupied the bottom-most place; it accounted for 5.2 per cent unmet needs in urban areas and 4.4 per cent in rural areas.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Age at marriage and first childbirth: <\/strong>Delaying the age at marriage and first child birth could reduce the impact of Population Momentum on population growth. <strong>As per NFHS-5 phase-1:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The share of women aged 20-24 who married before turning 18 has declined from 27% to 23% in the last five years.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Child marriage is a key determinant of high fertility, poor maternal and child health, and lower social status of women.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>West Bengal and Bihar, with around 41% such women each, had the highest prevalence of girl child marriage.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The maximum reduction in the proportion of underage marriages was observed in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Spacing between births:<\/strong> Healthy spacing of 3 years improves the chances of survival of infants and helps in reducing the impact of population momentum on population growth. SRS 2017 data shows that in India, spacing between two childbirths is less than the recommended period of 3 years in 50.3% of births.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Some Sign of India&rsquo;s stabilizing Population as per latest NFHS-5:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Total Fertility Rate (TFR):<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a standard demographic indicator used internationally to estimate the average number of children that a woman would have over her childbearing years (i.e. age 15-49), based on current birth trends.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The TFR across most Indian states declined in the past half-a-decade, more so among urban women. This implies that India's population is stabilizing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sikkim recorded the lowest TFR, with one woman bearing 1.1 children on average. Bihar recorded the highest TFR of 3 children per woman.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In 19 of the 22 surveyed states, TFRs were found to be 'below-replacement level'.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Replacement level fertility<\/strong> is the total fertility rate that is the average number of children born per woman at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This rate is roughly 2.1 children per woman for most countries, although it may modestly vary with mortality rates.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Use of Contraceptive:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As per the NFHS-5 latest data, Overall Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) has increased substantially in most States\/UTs and it is the highest in HP and WB (74%).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Current Family Planning Under Public Sector:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Birth Spacing Methods:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">IUCD 380 A and Cu IUCD 375<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Injectable Contraceptive MPA (Antara Programme)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Combined Oral Contraceptive (Mala-N)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Centchroman (Chhaya)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Progesterone-Only Pill (POP)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Condoms (Nirodh)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Limiting Methods<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Female Sterilization:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Laparoscopic<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Minilap<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Male Sterilization:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No Scalpel Vasectomy<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Conventional Vasectomy<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Current Measures for population control in India:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS):<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Launched:<\/strong> 2005<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under this scheme clients are insured in the eventualities of death, complication and failure following sterilization.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Compensation Scheme for sterilization acceptors:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Launched:<\/strong> 2014<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Objective: <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare<\/strong> provides compensation for loss of wages to the beneficiary and;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to the service provider (&amp; team) for conducting sterilizations from the year 2014.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mission Parivar Vikas:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Launched:<\/strong> 2017<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Objective:<\/strong> Increasing access to contraceptives and family planning services in 146 fertility districts with more than TFR of 3 in high focus seven states.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>About National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Throughout India, it is a large-scale, several-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All previous NFHSs have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, with the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, serving as the nodal agency.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: The Hindu<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Polity,Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-06-16","created_at":"2022-06-16T06:01:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:49.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"petition-in-sc-seeks-stringent-population-control-law"},{"id":160,"title":"Sedition law: Centre opposes staying Section 124A","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-4\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Sedition law: Centre opposes staying Section 124A<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Government of India (GoI), represented by, Additional Solicitor General of India, made the case that staying provisions of sedition, upheld by the Constitution, may not be the &ldquo;correct approach&rdquo;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Centre&rsquo;s Observations<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Centre also stated that PILs may set 'dangerous precedent'.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In regards to pending sedition cases, the Centre suggested to the SC that hearing on bail pleas may be expedited.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme Court sought the Centre's stand on keeping the pending sedition cases in abeyance to protect the interests of citizens already booked and not registering fresh cases till the government's re-examination of the colonial-era penal law is over.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Court asked the centre to take a clear stand after it posed the two specific queries, the top court agreed that a re-look of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code be left to the government, a day after it had filed an affidavit deciding to reconsider the contentious provision.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Centre's affidavit had said it has decided to \"re-examine and re-consider\" the sedition law by an \"appropriate forum\", in a change of stance just two days after stoutly defending this law, and also urged the Supreme Court not to \"invest time\" in examining its validity once again.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Sedition Law<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Enacted in 17th century in England when lawmakers believed that only good opinions of the government should survive, as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In 1837 the law was originally drafted by Thomas Macaulay, who was the British historian-politician.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The law was inexplicably omitted when the Indian Penal Code (IPC) was enacted in 1860.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In 1870 Section 124A was inserted by an amendment introduced by Sir James Stephen when it felt the need for a specific section to deal with the offence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Currently the Sedition is a crime under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 124A IPC:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the section, sedition is an offence committed when \"any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India\".<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity. However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: Livelow.in<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>","metaKeys":null,"metaDescription":null,"image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":null,"status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":null,"youtubelink":null,"publishdate":"2022-05-11","created_at":"2022-05-11T03:45:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:45.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"sedition-law-centre-opposes-staying-section-124a"},{"id":101,"title":"Addressing Discontent","category":"9","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Addressing Discontent<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the News? <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recently, The Prime Minster of India attended the public meet at Jammu and Kashmir.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is the first address of the Indian PM to the resident of the J&amp;K after the removal of special status under article 370.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>News Highlights:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infrastructure development and its impact in the valley:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Government is seeking to promote more infrastructural development in the J&amp;K.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It will lead to better connectivity of J&amp;K with the other states of the nation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infrastructural projects will generate more employment opportunity in the state of J&amp;K.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a measure to promote tourism in J&amp;K by attracting foreign direct investment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The infrastructure projects are basically intended to establish connectivity between:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jammu and Delhi<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jammu and Srinagar<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It will facilitate developmental process and economical growth of the Union Territory.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Need of the development.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Lockdown associated with the Covid-19 have impacted severely to UT went through a tough period, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic between 2019 and 2021.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Kashmir Valley is witnessing substantial improvements in with a revival of the tourism industry during the recent winter despite security concerns.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Its natural beauty proving a magnetic attraction for international travellers in particular, who had been affected by global travel bans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>News Analysis:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Repeal of Article 370: <\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019, was issued under Clause 1 of the Article 370 of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The relationship between the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the Indian Union has been drastically altered by the Indian government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Presidential Order of 1954 has been replaced by the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Union territory of J&amp;K and Ladakh has been created by the virtue of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is the first time a state has been transformed into a UT.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Gupkar Alliance demanded a return to the status quo prior to 2019, and the group has also vociferously protested the delimitation exercise, whose proposals clearly seek to repurpose J&amp;K politics by arbitrarily favouring Jammu-based parties over Kashmir-based ones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>History of Jammu and Kashmir:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Before Independence:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shah Mir, the first Muslim monarch of Kashmir, established the Shah Mir dynasty in 1339.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">From 1586 until 1751, the Mughal Empire ruled.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Afghanistan's Durrani Empire governed From 1747 until 1819.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">After Independence:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hari Singh, the Dogra maharaja of Kashmir, signed the Instrument of Accession in October 1947, bringing Kashmir into the Indian union.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This sparked a war between India and Pakistan, which ended in July 1949 when the line of control (cease-fire line) was established in the territory.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Geographical Locations:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Latitude: 32&deg; 44' N<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Longitude: 74&deg; 54' E<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jammu and Kashmir is bordered on the east by the Indian union territory of Ladakh, on the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, on the southwest by Pakistan, and on the northwest by the Pakistani-administered section of Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley, and Lidder Valley are just a few of the valleys found in Jammu and Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Economy:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Agriculture: <\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jammu and Kashmir's economy is predominantly dependent on agriculture and allied activities. Agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apples, Barley, Cherries, Corn, Millet, Oranges, Rice, Peaches, Pears, Saffron, Sorghum, Vegetables, and Wheat.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Manufactured exports include:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Handicrafts, rugs, and shawls.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Kashmir valley is also known for its sericulture and cold-water fisheries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kashmiri saffron is also very famous and brings the state a huge amount of foreign exchange.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Horticulture plays a vital role in the economic development of the state.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tourism:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Despite significant improvements in visitor facilities in Jammu and Kashmir since the late twentieth century, the union territory's tourism potential has remained mostly untapped.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some major tourist places in Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar, Mughal Gardens, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Patnitop, Jammu.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: The Hindu<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/QDQLhBlSPbgxWBOb7ZUIfxfqco6Ci1Ayd4MPd4ne.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-04-25","created_at":"2022-04-25T08:02:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:34.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"addressing-discontent"},{"id":99,"title":"CiC to GDP ratio remains high for FY21","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-4\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>CiC to GDP ratio remains high for FY21<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the RBI and Finance Ministry, after the COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in demand for cash, the growth in Currency in Circulation (CiC) has declined recently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Currency in Circulation (CiC)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the RBIs definition, currency with the public is arrived at after deducting cash with banks from total CiC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CiC can be defined as cash or currency within a country that is physically used to do transactions between consumers and businesses.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CiC is an important component of a country&rsquo;s money<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Growth of Currency in Circulation (CiC):<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has fallen to 7.9% in November 2021 compared to the same month a year ago.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the Finance Ministry, 5 years since demonetisation, CiC has risen steadily every year with CiC to GDP ratio surging to 14.5% in 2020-21 from 8.7 percent in 2016-17.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CiC to GDP ratio is now ever higher than that in the pre-demonetisation period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the Finance Ministry the preventative demand for currency during the pandemic times has been a key reason for rising currency with the public.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Concerns:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Even after the push from the center and RBI in the form of various restrictions on the use of cash in different transactions, there has been a steady rise in the Cash in the system.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the US, the majority of the currency is $100 note or less, as the capability to do electronic transfer, the US economy has reduced the need of the more than $100 bills for any transaction.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the past the government had argued that the demonetisation would lead to less cash with the public, however it has only risen since then.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Probable reason behind the rise in the Currency circulation<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It depends on several macro-economic factors which include level of interest rate and economic growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Precautionary demand of cash due to COVID-19 induced uncertainties.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Combination of greater public demand for cash and contraction of GDP<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It might be the result of the government bond auctions and fiscal packages that are intended to boost the economy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fall in bank deposits (Pandemic induced syndrome)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Repercussion of high CiC<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Too much money in circulation, both in terms of cash and credit lead to the decreased value of legal tender.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It also leads to too much money chasing too few goods, causing demand pull inflation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: Indian Express<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2021-12-22","created_at":"2022-04-25T00:58:32.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:33.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"cic-to-gdp-ratio-remains-high-for-fy21"},{"id":98,"title":"The Electoral Law (Amendment) Bill, 2021","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>The Electoral Law (Amendment) Bill, 2021<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Both houses of the parliament passed the Electoral Law (Amendment) Bill 2021 which enables the linking of the Aadhar to the Electoral Roll data.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Salient Features of the bill<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Background<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bill will amend the Representation of the People&rsquo;s Act 1950 and the Representation of the People&rsquo;s Act 1951 to implement certain electoral reforms.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The 1950 Act provides that a person may apply to the electoral registration officer for inclusion of their name.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Bill says that the electoral registration officer may require a person to furnish their Aadhaar number for establishing their identity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If their name is already in the electoral roll, then the Aadhaar number may be required for authentication of entries in the roll, but people will not be denied inclusion in the electoral roll or have their names deleted, if they are unable to show their Aadhaar cards.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For registrations, the Bill allows electoral registration officers to ask for the Aadhaar of applicants as voters so as to establish their identity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bill also seeks: <\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It seeks to allow the officers to verify by asking for the number from persons already included in the electoral roll of entries in the electoral roll, and<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It seeks to identify registration of names of the same person in the electoral roll of more than one constituency or more than once in the same constituency.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>No application for inclusion of name in the electoral roll shall<\/strong> be denied and no entries in the electoral roll shall be deleted for inability of an individual to provide or intimate Aadhaar number due to such sufficient cause as may be prescribed.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">People who cannot provide their Aadhaar numbers will be allowed to present other documents to establish identity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Qualifying dates<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 14 of the Act, 1950 will be amended that will allow four &ldquo;qualifying&rdquo; dates for eligible people to register as voters.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Currently, January 1 of every year is the sole qualifying date. People who turn 18 on or before January 1 can register as voters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Those turning 18 after that have to wait for one whole year to register as voters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">After this law, &ldquo;the January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 in a calendar year&rdquo; will be the qualifying dates in relation to the preparation or revision of electoral rolls.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gender-neutrality<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 20 of the RP Act, 1950 and Section 60 of the RP Act, 1951 will be amended that will permit the elections to become gender-neutral for service voters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It will also allow the change of the word &ldquo;wife&rdquo; with the word &ldquo;spouse&rdquo; making the statutes &ldquo;gender neutral&rdquo;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This aim to redress any discrimination against male spouses of female armed services employees, with &ldquo;wife&rdquo; being replaced as &ldquo;spouse.&rdquo;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Government Rationale behind the bill:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bill includes several reforms which have been in discussion since the past many years.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Linking Aadhaar with electoral rolls will resolve the problem of multiple enrolments if the same person is at different places.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">After the Aadhaar enrollment the system will instantly alert the existence of the previous registration(s) whenever any person applies for new registration.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The process will help cleaning the electoral roll to a great extent and will facilitate the ordinary resident of the particular location.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Parliamentary Standing Committee advocated that linking the Aadhar ID Card number with Voter ID card will streamline any alteration in EPIC during change of ordinary residence by the electors. Multiple entry could be eliminated which is a must in participative democracy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the government it is voluntary and not compulsory or mandatory.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The proposed amendments to various sections of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Law Ministry also quoted from the 105th report of the Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personal, Public Grievance and Law Justice which expressed the view that linking Aadhaar with electoral rolls will purify electoral rolls and will consequently reduce various malpractices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Launched by Election Commission of India in 2015.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It was about the linking of Aadhar to Voter IDs in order to delete the duplicate names.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under this programme apart from other activities, linking and authentication of EPIC data of electors with the help of Aadhaar was also done.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, EC notified Chief Electoral Officers (CEOS) of the states\/UTs specifying that furnishing of Aadhar number by electors is not mandatory and it is only optional, as directed by Supreme Court of India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Opposition Objections<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It violates fundamental rights to privacy as defined by the Supreme Court of India in Puttaswamy Case.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If the bill becomes the act the government would be able to use voter identity details for &ldquo;disenfranchising some people and profile the citizens&rdquo;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship and it is clearly mentioned in the Aadhar Act.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aadhar reflects residence, not citizenship of the people.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Is it possible to track the individual votes?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Individual choices of voters may not be possible with the linkage of Aadhaar with voter IDs, it will lead to profiling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Verification of a person&rsquo;s identity is separate from the capturing of the identity which is already happening in booths when a person goes to vote.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There have been documented cases of Aadhaar data leaked. It could lead to targeted political propaganda which is against the model code of conduct.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Puttaswamy Case Judgment<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme court of India held that privacy concerns in this day and age of technology can arise from both the state as well as non-state entities and as such, a claim of violation of privacy lies against both of<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Court also held that informational privacy in the era of the internet is not an absolute right and when an individual exercises his right to control over his data, it may lead to the violation of his privacy to a considerable extent.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This case also laid down that the ambit of Article 21 is ever-expanding due to the agreement over the years among the Supreme Court judges as a result of which an abundance of rights has been included within Article 21.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Puttaswamy judgment in this landmark case upheld the fundamental right to privacy emanating from Article 21.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court stated that Right to Privacy is an inherent and integral part of Part III of the Constitution that guarantees fundamental rights. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The conflict in this area mainly arises between an individual&rsquo;s right to privacy and the legitimate aim of the government to implement its policies and a balance needs to be maintained while doing the same.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Representation of People Act (RPA), 1950<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In Indian constitution Articles 324 to 329 of Part XV talks about the country&rsquo;s electoral system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Constitution empowers the parliament the power to enact law for all matters related to the elections of parliament as well as state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Government of India introduced the first RPA in 1950 in order to manage elections in the country.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This Act makes provisions for:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: square;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Seat allocation in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies through direct elections.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The voters&rsquo; qualifications for the elections.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The delimitation of constituencies for both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The extent of the constituencies would be determined by the Delimitation Commission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Indian President can alter the constituencies after due consultation with the Election Commission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Preparation of the electoral roll. A person cannot be enrolled for over one constituency. He or she can be disqualified and barred from voting if found to be of unsound mind or is not an Indian citizen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: Indian Express<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2021-12-22","created_at":"2022-04-25T00:45:32.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:33.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"the-electoral-law-amendment-bill-2021"},{"id":96,"title":"Fishing for workable solutions in the Palk Bay","category":"9","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Fishing for workable solutions in the Palk Bay<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the News?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recently a virtual a much awaited meeting between India-Sri Lanka Joint Working Group (JWG) on the issues of fisheries took place after 15 months long gap.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>News Highlights<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Seven fishermen have died in a mid-sea clash in Palk Bay region. Five fishermen belong to India and two from Sri-Lanka.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">But between the two meetings of the JWG, a number of events &mdash; some of them unfortunate &mdash; have occurred in the Palk Bay region that encompasses India&rsquo;s Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka&rsquo;s Northern Province.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For instance, seven fishermen &mdash; five from Tamil Nadu and two from Sri Lanka &mdash; have died in &ldquo;mid-sea clashes&rdquo;. Just as sections of fishermen from the Palk Bay bordering districts of Tamil Nadu continue to transgress the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL), cases of many of them getting arrested and their boats being impounded by the Sri Lankan authorities continue.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What has precipitated matters is that in early February, the impounded boats, around 140 in number, were auctioned despite a bilateral understanding on the matter.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Trawling as an issue<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apart from poaching in the territorial waters of Sri Lanka, the use of mechanised bottom trawlers is another issue that has become a bone of contention between the fishermen of the two countries; the dispute is not just between the two states.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This method of fishing, which was once promoted by the authorities in India, is now seen as being extremely adverse to the marine ecology, and has been acknowledged so by India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The actions of the Tamil Nadu fishermen adversely affect their counterparts in the Northern Province who are also struggling to come to terms with life after the civil war.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ongoing economic crisis in the island nation has only worsened their plight.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At the same time, the fishermen of Tamil Nadu experience a genuine problem &mdash; the lack of fishing areas consequent to the demarcation of the IMBL in June 1974. If they confine themselves to Indian waters, they find the area available for fishing full of rocks and coral reefs besides being shallow.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The distance between Dhanushkodi (Tamil Nadu) and the IMBL is nine nautical miles (NM) while the maximum distance &mdash; Devipattinam and the IMBL &mdash; is 34 NM.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under the Tamil Nadu Marine Fishing Regulation Act 1983, mechanised fishing boats can fish only beyond 3 NM from the coast.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This explains the trend of the fishermen having to cross the IMBL frequently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Another factor is that the people of the two countries in general and fisherfolk in particular have common threads of language, culture and religion, all of which can be used purposefully to resolve any dispute.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is because of this factor as well as the plight of the fishermen of the Northern Province that the two governments have been repeatedly saying that the whole problem has to be looked at from humanitarian and livelihood angles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Fisher-level talks&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With the problem having been discussed by the JWG, and earlier during the visit of India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to Sri Lanka, in March as well, it is time steps are taken to take the process forward.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The present situation, which is otherwise very stressful for Sri Lanka in view of the economic crisis, can be utilised to bring the fishermen of the two countries to the negotiating table. This is because the Indian government&rsquo;s two-month ban on fishing on the east coast of the country began on April 15, 2022.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is up to Sri Lanka now to ensure that the talks take place as the Indian side is keen on resuming fisherfolk-level deliberations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As several substantive issues were discussed threadbare in the previous rounds of such meetings &mdash; the last one was in New Delhi in November 2016 &mdash; only some fine-tuning of the respective positions had to be done.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">While Indian fishermen can present a road map for their transition to deep sea fishing or alternative methods of fishing, the Sri Lankan side has to take a pragmatic view that the transition cannot happen abruptly.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To elicit a favourable response from the fishermen of the Northern Province, the Tamil Nadu fishermen have to commit themselves to a short and swift transition for which the governments in India ( Central and State) have to come forward to perform the role of guarantors.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Also, whenever there is a genuine complaint about Tamil Nadu fishermen having damaged the properties of the Northern Province&rsquo;s fishermen, the Indian government can compensate this through the proper channels of Sri Lanka.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Deep sea fishing<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the meantime, India will have to modify its scheme on deep sea fishing to accommodate the concerns of its fishermen, especially those from Ramanathapuram district, so that they take to deep sea fishing without any reservation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The revised scheme has to absorb satisfactorily not only the unit cost of long liners but also the running cost.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Also, there is a compelling need for the Central and State governments to implement in Tamil Nadu the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana in a proactive manner.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The scheme, which was flagged off two years ago, covers alternative livelihood measures too including seaweed cultivation, open sea cage cultivation, and sea\/ocean ranching.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During Mr. Jaishankar&rsquo;s visit, India had signed a memorandum of understanding with Sri Lanka for the development of fisheries harbours.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This can be modified to include a scheme for deep sea fishing to the fishermen of the North. It is a welcome development that the JWG has agreed to have joint research on fisheries, which should be commissioned at the earliest.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Such a study should cover the extent of the adverse impact of bottom trawling in the Palk Bay region.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Simultaneously, the two countries should explore the possibility of establishing a permanent multi-stakeholder institutional mechanism to regulate fishing activity in the region.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At the same time, Sri Lanka should take a lenient view of the situation and refrain from adopting a rigid and narrow legal view of matters concerning the release of 16 fishermen or impounded fishing boats (around 90 in number).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any delay in this will only increase the bitterness between the two countries at a time when the economic crisis of Sri Lanka is generating empathy in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What everyone needs to remember is that the fisheries dispute is not an insurmountable problem.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A number of options are available to make the Palk Bay not only free of troubles but also a model for collaborative endeavours in fishing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: The Hindu<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>","metaKeys":null,"metaDescription":null,"image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/QDQLhBlSPbgxWBOb7ZUIfxfqco6Ci1Ayd4MPd4ne.png","seoTitle":null,"status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":null,"youtubelink":null,"publishdate":"2022-04-23","created_at":"2022-04-23T06:13:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:33.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"fishing-for-workable-solutions-in-the-palk-bay"},{"id":89,"title":"Daily Chintan: Mains Question","category":"10","content":"<h5><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Question:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<h5>Critically analyse the Criminal Procedure Act of 2022. <strong>[250 Words]<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<h5>&nbsp;<\/h5>\r\n<h5>&nbsp;<\/h5>\r\n<h6><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> <\/span>Please submit your answer at <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>submit@beandbyias.com<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/I9kVYSVyHLZDha02Kw2GdhPUyMN8WwM4Ve4yY4M7.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-04-22","created_at":"2022-04-22T04:39:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:32.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"daily-chintan-mains-question"},{"id":88,"title":"Unfounded apprehensions about this Act","category":"9","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Unfounded apprehensions about this Act<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recently, the Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill, 2022 has received the assent of the President.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Key Highlights of the News:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Police and prison authorities now authorized by the new law for taking the measurements of convicts for the purpose of the identification and investigation in criminal matters. This measurement could be stored to preserve records.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has been claimed that the act is unconstitutional. It has several provision in itself which are prone to misuse.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The act has replaced the <strong>Identification of Prisoners Act (IPA),1920.<\/strong> whose scope was limited to <strong>recording measurements which include finger impressions and footprint impressions of certain convicts and non-convict persons.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Broader scope<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The scope of the &lsquo;measurements&rsquo; in the IPA was limited but the Act now includes:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 50%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; height: 36px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Physical Measurement<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Photograph<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Finger Impression<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">IRIS and Retina Scan<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>It also includes the behavioural attributes such as:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 50%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Signatures<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Handwriting<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any other examination referred to in <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The CrPC provides for &lsquo;examination&rsquo; which includes:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 50%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Blood<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Semen<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Swabs<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sputum<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sweat<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hair samples<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #ffba8f;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-2\" style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fingernail clippings<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 311A of the CrPC empowers to magistrate to direct any person to give a specimen signature or handwriting for the purpose of any investigation or proceedings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This act has enlarged the scope &lsquo;measurements&rsquo; by the merger of the scope of &lsquo;measurements&rsquo; in the IPA and provisions of the CrPC in addition of modern techniques of identification such as iris and retina scan.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, the Act does not empower the enforcement agencies additionally but only explicitly provides for various measurements and includes the use of the latest scientific techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, has not inculcated the provisions of medical examination of the accused as per as identification and investigation is concern.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This recommendation was included in the CrPC,1973 in Section 53.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To provide legal backing to materials\/biological samples collected for the purpose medical examination another amendment was done in the Section 53 of the CrPC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It also introduces the explanation of &lsquo;examination&rsquo; could be conducted.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 311A was added to facilitate providing a specimen signature or handwriting during investigation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>A well-established legality:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the case of State of Bombay vs. Kathi Kalu, 1961, the Supreme Court of India decided that a specimen such as his handwriting, signature, or imprint of his thumb, finger, palm, or foot cannot be recognised as a witness.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In a number of cases, it has been determined that taking a blood sample for a DNA test, a hair sample, or a voice sample will not amount to compelling an accused to become a witness against himself because such samples are harmless and do not convey information within the accused's personal knowledge.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As a result, the legitimacy of collecting biological samples or other investigative methods has long been recognised.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is not possible to compel a witness to testify against himself. A blood sample is required for DNA testing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Better technology cuts errors<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Act's goal is to make it easier to identify and investigate criminal cases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Law enforcement must be permitted to employ scientific approaches to prevent and detect crime.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A variety of analytical methods may now be used to a measurement database to perform predictive policing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Using improved technology will only assist to reduce the likelihood of mistakes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Individual rights must be viewed against the backdrop of society's interests.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The intended data collection via measurements of prisoners and others does not seem to be unreasonable to the Act's stated aims.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: The Hindu<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/QDQLhBlSPbgxWBOb7ZUIfxfqco6Ci1Ayd4MPd4ne.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-04-22","created_at":"2022-04-22T04:25:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:32.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"unfounded-apprehensions-about-this-act"},{"id":86,"title":"Economical Weaker Section (EWS) Quota Revisited by The Government.","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Economical Weaker Section (EWS) Quota Revisited by The Government.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recently, the center has set up a three member committee to examine the income criteria for the determination of the EWS quota.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Rationale behind the setting up the committee<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Setup after the SC questioned the income criteria for determining the EWS.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It termed it as arbitrary<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>ceiling of 8 lakh is same as the limit for determining the Other backward Class (OBC) &ldquo;Creamy Layer&rdquo; for reservation for the children of people outside of government. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Government recently announced to revisit the criteria in terms of <strong>Article 15<\/strong> of the constitution.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Article 15:<\/strong> Prohibition of discrimination on ground of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme Court is hearing a bunch of petitions, especially the <strong>Special Leave Petition<\/strong> filed by Center against the <strong>Madras High Court order on EWS and OBC reservations in the All India Quota under the NEET exam.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Previously the center released notification regarding the implementation of the <strong>10% reservation for EWS along with 27% for OBC within the All India quota<\/strong> for post graduate medical courses for this year's session.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">SC had stayed the counseling for the admission until the matter is decided. <\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Income Criteria<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The income criteria for the EWS and OBC quotas are same as for NEET as notified for employment and admission on January 31st, 2019 by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) as per the <strong>103rd Amendment to the constitution.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Persons who are not covered under the scheme of reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs<\/strong> and whose family has <strong>gross annual income below Rs 8 Lakh are to be identified as EWSs for benefit of reservation.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Income shall also <strong>include income from all sources i.e. salary, agriculture, business, profession, etc. for the financial year prior to the year of application.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Persons whose family owns or possesses any of the following assets shall be excluded from being identified as EWS,<\/strong> irrespective of the family income:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5 acres of agricultural land and above;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Residential at of 1000 sq ft and above;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Residential plot of 100 sq yards and above in notified municipalities;<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Residential plot of 200 sq yards and above in areas other than the notified municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Deciding Factor of ceiling<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The annual income limit of Rs 8 lakh was decided after the comprehensive consideration by the government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Union Cabinet declared that, Since the BPL is open debate and to maintain equality within the similar categories, it would be suitable to apply the income\/wealth test to make it applicable in the case of OBCs for the purpose of exclusion from the benefit of reservation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Why did SC call it arbitrary?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The income criteria for the EWS and OBC creamy layer is same i.e., 8 lakh.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">While the creamy layer in the OBC reservation is identified for excluding a section of the community that has economically strong to that extent from where the social backwardness has diminished.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However the EWS category has been put up to identify the poorer when compared to the rest of the community.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">OBC category is educationally and socially backward and hence is an additional obstruction to overcome as compared to those belonging to the general category.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Court also asked on what basis the asset exception was arrived at and did the government take any exercise to decide this criteria?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The residential flat criterion does not differentiate between the non-metropolitan and metropolitan areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>About All India Quota Scheme<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under the direction of SC, it was introduced in <strong>1986.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Objective:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To Provide for domicile-free merit based opportunities to students from any state aspiring to study in a medical college located in a different state.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For UG seats it comprises 15% and for PG seats 50% seats in government medical colleges.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At first, there was no reservation in the AIQ.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Supreme Court in <strong>2007 introduced a reservation of 15% for SCs and 7.5% for STs under the AIQ.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act became effective that year, providing for uniform 27% reservation to the OBCs, the same was implemented in all the Central educational institutions.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These included Safdarjung Hospital, Lady Harding Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University and Banaras Hindu University among others.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, this was not extended to the AIQ seats of State medical and dental colleges.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: Indian Express<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2021-12-21","created_at":"2022-04-22T00:47:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:32.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"economical-weaker-section-ews-quota-revisited-by-the-government"},{"id":84,"title":"Delimitation Draft on Jammu and Kashmir","category":"8","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-3\" style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Delimitation Draft on Jammu and Kashmir<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recently the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Delimitation Commission<\/strong> suggested increasing the total 7 seats for the UT i.e 6 seats for Jammu division and 1 seat for Kashmir division.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Background:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jammu division currently has 37 seats while Kashmir currently has 46 seats.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The 3 member Delimitation commission was constituted in March 2020. It was specially for J&amp;K by the Parliament Act under the provisions of Part V of <strong>J&amp;K Reorganisation Act, 2019.<\/strong> It&rsquo;s term is going to end in March 2022.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Key Highlights of the Delimitation Commission Draft:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16 seats are reserved for SC and ST in the UT. 9 seats are given to ST while 7 seats are given to SC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has not specified the districts where these SC and ST seats would be reserved.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Carving out new seats was done on the basis of the 2011 Census.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jammu and Kashmir will now have 90 seats in the Legislative Assembly.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The commission has also proposed for some of the districts an additional constituency to balance the representation of geographical areas having bad internet connectivity and communication as well as lack of Public convenience.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The commission has categorized the 20 districts into three broad categories:<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A, B and C<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Giving the margin of 10% of the average population per constituency while allocating seats to the districts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Contentions of the regional political parties<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme Court ruling has already granted the status quo with respect to delimitation, if the commission prepares a draft based on the 2011 census.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>About Delimitation<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is defined as the process\/act of fixing the boundaries\/limit of the territorial constituencies in a country done at the particular time period due to the change in the population.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Why is it done?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To give equal representation to the equal segments of a population.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In order to curb the political parties' advantage over other fair distribution of geographical areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To keep up the principle of One vote One value.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Process of Delimitation<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Article 82 empowers the parliament to enact a Delimitation Act after every census.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">States are also divided into territorial constituencies as per Delimitation Act after every census under Article 170.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Once the act is in force the central government set up a Delimitation Commission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">First Delimitation exercise was carried out in 1950-51 by the President (with the help of the Election Commission).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has been set up four times post independence i.e., 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There was no delimitation after the 1981 and 1991 census.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>About Delimitation Commission<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is appointed by the President of India and work in coordination with the Election Commission of India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Composition<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Retired SC judge<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chief Election Commissioner<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Respective State Election Commissioners<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Functions:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In order to fix numbers and boundaries of the constituencies to make the population of all constituencies nearly equal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In order to identify seats reserved for SC and ST relative to their proportion of population.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is high power body whose orders and decisions have the force of law and cannot be called in questions before any court.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: The Hindu, Indian Express<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>","metaKeys":"jammu and kashmir,j&k delimitation commission,delimitation of civic wards,delimitation comission, important news for UPSC CSE 2022","metaDescription":"The J&amp;K Delimitation Commission on Monday released its draft report. Here are 5 points about theJammu and Kashmir delimitation process. | Latest News for UPSC CSE - BE N BY IAS","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/xYu4T0e4cskHzg6N99Ija3OUmNsc9pJzdVnLDMDE.png","seoTitle":"Delimitation Draft on Jammu and Kashmir - BE N BY IAS","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2021-12-21","created_at":"2022-04-22T00:35:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:31.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"delimitation-draft-on-jammu-and-kashmir"},{"id":80,"title":"Demolition drives violate international law","category":"9","content":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 18px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px; background-color: #0566d1;\">\r\n<td class=\"p-4\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 18px; text-align: center;\">\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Demolition drives violate international law<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Why in the News?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On the occasion of Ram Navami Communal clashes broke out in several parts of the nation including at Khargone in Madhya Pradesh.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The government of Madhya Pradesh used the bulldozers to ravaged the houses of those who were allegedly involved in rioting.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>News Highlights:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The bulldozing machines are prevalently being used by the government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a kind of act which is severely defying the rule of law and our sprite of constitutional ethos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Idea of the serving justice by means of bulldozers evolved by the Uttar Pradesh Government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Very first incident of bulldozing witnessed in Uttar Pradesh when protesters of Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 were subjected to this brutality in the name of recovery for damages done to the public property during the course of protest.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This process has been further institutionalised through the enactment of the Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Act, 2020.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Right to adequate housing:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Article 21 of the Indian Constitution mandate that right to housing is the fundamental right.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">International human rights law framework also advocates very prominently about the Right to housing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) every individual has the right to a standard of living which should be adequate for the health and well-being.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) have Article 11.1 which mandates everyone right to standard of living for himself and his family.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It inculcates adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under Article 11.1, countries are under an obligation to take appropriate steps to ensure the realisation of these rights such as the right to adequate housing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any restriction placed on the Covenant's rights, such as the right to appropriate housing, must not result in the abolition of these rights. This is expressly stated in Article 5 of the ICESCR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Arbitrary interference is also not allowed by the virtue of international law as per as Individual&rsquo;s right to property is concern.<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: circle;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, \"no one should be subjected to arbitrary interference with his private, family, home, or correspondence, nor to assaults on his honour and reputation.\"<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Article 12 also mandates that every individual has the right to the protection of the law against such interference.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This same right is also provided under Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).<\/span>\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Article 17 further provides that everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others and that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, arbitrary interference with an individual&rsquo;s property is a gross violation of the ICCPR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Forced evictions:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) which is commonly known as the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Office.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is seeking to promote and protect human rights guaranteed under international law.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to the UN Human Rights Office, \"protection against forced evictions\" is an essential component of the right to adequate housing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The UN Human Rights Office defines 'forced evictions' as \"permanent or temporary displacement against the will of people, families, or communities from the homes or land which they inhabit.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The right to appropriate housing also includes the right to be free from arbitrary interference with one's home, privacy, and family.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The suspected rioters' dwellings were bulldozed by the Madhya Pradesh government, resulting in forcible eviction and arbitrary interference with an individual's home, a violation of Article 11.1 of the ICESCR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Judicial incorporation:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul class=\"pl-4 text-dark\" style=\"text-align: justify; list-style: disc;\">\r\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme Court of India has incorporated the above-mentioned international human rights law into the Indian legal system. In cases such as Bachan Singh vs State of Punjab, Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan, and, most recently, Puttaswamy vs Union of India, the apex court has laid down the principle that the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution must be read and interpreted in a manner that would enhance their conformity with as the custodian of India's constitutional order, it is past time for the judiciary to step in and put appropriate curbs on the executive's uncontrolled use of power. To oppose the nationalist-populist narrative, courts should use international law.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Source: The Hindu<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>","metaKeys":"null","metaDescription":"null","image":"https:\/\/s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/benby.images\/images\/QDQLhBlSPbgxWBOb7ZUIfxfqco6Ci1Ayd4MPd4ne.png","seoTitle":"null","status":1,"tags":"GS 2","subjects":"Governance","pdflink":"null","youtubelink":"null","publishdate":"2022-04-21","created_at":"2022-04-21T06:40:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-01T09:08:31.000000Z","canonical":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/","seo_url":"demolition-drives-violate-international-law"}],"first_page_url":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/get-search-result\/Governance\/subject?page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/get-search-result\/Governance\/subject?page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; Previous","active":false},{"url":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/get-search-result\/Governance\/subject?page=1","label":"1","active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"https:\/\/beandbyias.com\/get-search-result\/Governance\/subject","per_page":30,"prev_page_url":null,"to":15,"total":15}